golgiana – BioQuakes

Flexible Robots!

On May 13, 2024

A soft robot created by Princeton and North Carolina State University engineers was influenced by both modern materials research and ancient paper folding techniques. This robot is designed to go through mazes with ease. Soft robots are typically less flexible and more rigid when equipped with steering equipment. But in order to preserve the robot’s flexibility, this innovative design incorporates the steering mechanism right into the body of the machine.

Moreover, the robot consists of modular, cylindrical segments that can operate independently or combine to form longer units. The cylindrical segments, with a Kresling pattern, allows them to twist and expand. This motion enables the robot to crawl and change direction.With this design, they are able to be more flexible. This flexibility allows the robot to do multiple tasks such as crawl forward/backward, pick up items, and assemble into longer forms. Additionally, each part of the robot can act as an individual unit and communicate with other parts to assemble/ separate as needed; these parts are connected by magnets. When looking to the future, researchers hope that the soft robots and the technology around them can grow, repair, and develop new functions based on this modular concept.

Furthermore, the researchers add that it was difficult to control the robot’s bending and folding operations. And so, they created a solution by combining materials that change in size or shape when heated with stretchy heaters composed of a network of silver nanowires. Although the robot’s current pace is restricted, scientists are working to enhance its ability to move in future versions.

Overall, this unique soft robot has potential applications in a number of industries, including aerospace, construction, and medical equipment. The National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation contributed funding for the study.

This topic relates to the AP Biology unit of ecology because the robot’s modular design, where individual segments can operate independently or combine, reflects the concept of modularity seen in ecological systems. In ecosystems, organisms often interact and cooperate with others to form larger structures or achieve common goals, similar to how the robot’s segments work together. And even though I do not have an exact connection to this topic, I am reminded of middle school when my science class was instructed to create their own “robot” out of material from the classroom.

Unraveling Genetic Secrets: CRISPR’s Dance with p53 and Cancer

By golgiana

On April 17, 2024

In Student Post

An article titled, New findings on the link between CRISPR gene-editing and mutated cancer cells, discusses how researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have discovered that during gene editing with the CRISPR technique (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). CRISPR is a component of bacterial immune systems that can break DNA and has been repurposed as a tool for gene editing. During this process, they discovered a protein called p53, which protects cells from DNA damage and gets activated. However, cells with mutated p53 have an advantage in surviving this process, which can lead to cancer.

This relates to Unit 7, Molecular Genetics, in AP Biology because we learned about how genes mutate. Gene mutation refers to a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. The researchers’ discovery shows how genes mutate, specifically the p52, and how that can interact with the CRISPR technique.

Furthermore, the study shows that by temporarily inhibiting p53 could minimize the buildup of mutated cells while keeping CRISPR’s efficiency intact. With this research, scientist are on the right path to creating more specific cancer treatments in the future.

Additionally, researchers discovered a network of genes associated with p53 mutations, which contribute to cell enrichment. However, temporarily blocking p53 can reduce this enrichment. The study created CRISPR experiments on isolated cells and examined a database. More study is needed to determine the scope of this problem in healthcare settings. Several research organizations funded the study.

The CRISPR technique for gene editing is beneficial to my own life as I have many family members who have battled cancer. It is extremely discouraging to watch, especially since there is no cure; however, with this technique, I am hopeful that the future will bring advancements to cancer treatment and hopefully one day put an end to the disease. SO, who else is excited to see how far in cancer studies the CRISPR technique can take us?

The Cyathea Rojasiana: The Little “Fern” that Could (…Survive on its Own)

By golgiana

On February 27, 2024

In Student Post

Have you ever wondered how some plants survive severe environments? Well, the Cyathea rojasiana is a prime example of this, as it can transform dead leaves into roots that keep the plant alive. The article, “Back from the Dead: Tropical Tree Fern Repurposes Dead Leaves” explains this plant and its amazing abilities. Cyathea rojasiana, a unique tree fern from Panema, converts its dead leaves into little roots that seek out nutrient-rich soil.

The plant was found by plant biologists, notably Professor James Dalling. According to Dalling, the plant’s process of self-nourishment happens after the leaves have fully died and blended with the soil. The fern then reorganizes its leaves, absorbing nutrients, particularly nitrogen, from the soil via its newly created roots. Furthermore, even though the tree fern’s dead leaves appear to be disintegrating, they’re actually helping the plant survive. Since Panama’s soil is deficient in nutrients, this process is essential to the tree’s survival.

To continue, after reading the story, I was reminded of the photosynthesis unit I learned in AP Biology. Photosynthesis, in simple terms, is the process by which plants transform light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose through photosystems (II and I) and the Calvin cycle. Despite their differences, the sentiments remain the same. While the Cyathea rojasiana’s adaptation does not replace photosynthesis, it complements it. The tree obtains nutrients from the soil via its roots, ensuring that it gets the building blocks required for development and survival.

In conclusion, as someone who enjoys planting and loves nature, it was very interesting to learn about this unique tree because it reveals a unique survival skill I was unaware of. The tree has learned to absorb nutrients while growing in soil that lacks nutrients. This shows how well some plants can adjust to harsh conditions, giving ideas for new and creative gardening methods. Additionally, learning about the Cyathea rojasiana provides information that can be used to enhance gardening. So, is this something you want to try and implement into your gardening routine? Let me know in the comments!!

Oxygen, Aliens, and Technosignatures: The Extraterrestrial Quest for Advanced Technology

By golgiana

On January 8, 2024

In Student Post

Do YOU believe in aliens? Well if you do, get excited because the article, Is oxygen the cosmic key to alien technology? discusses how researchers are expanding the search parameters for extraterrestrial life. To do this, they are considering biological markers as well as technological ones. In a study published in Nature Astronomy, scientists Adam Frank and Amedeo Balbi explore the connection between atmospheric oxygen and the possible growth of advanced technology on different planets.

Atmospheric oxygen pertains to the presence of O2 in the atmosphere, particularly within the troposphere, which facilitates the flourishing of life. It is deemed a necessity for humans, surpassing even the importance of food.

Atmospheric oxygen is also crucial for Cellular Respiration specifically in the Krebs cycle (known as the Citric Acid cycle) and during Oxidative Phosphorylation.

In my AP Biology class, I learned that during the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA molecules enter the mitochondria and are oxidized, producing high-energy electrons. In the subsequent electron transport chain, these electrons combine with oxygen to form water, facilitating the regeneration of molecules for continued energy production. Without sufficient atmospheric oxygen, this process is impaired, disrupting cellular respiration and the creation of ATP.

Now… back to the aliens, researchers introduce the concept of “technospheres,” expansive realms of advanced technology that emit detectable signs known as “technosignatures.” Technosignatures are essentially evidence of advanced life. This aids in the research as technosignatures extend the scope of conventional biological markers in the search for extraterrestrial life. Researchers can investigate the potential of highly developed civilizations displaying indications of sophisticated technology by considering technological evidence. This broadening of the search parameters expands the research’s scope beyond traditional methods.

Moreover, it is stated that high oxygen concentrations are necessary for the development of advanced technospheres, as oxygen is crucial for processes like open-air combustion, a key component of technological civilizations. The research proposes the “oxygen bottleneck,” indicating that high oxygen levels are essential for the emergence of technological species.

The discussion of oxygen levels ties back to Earth’s atmosphere. It prompts reflection on environmental issues and the importance of maintaining a balanced atmosphere for the well-being of our planet. An issue that I think about daily is climate change and while the immediate focus of the research is on oxygen and technology, it prompts the reader to consider the broader environmental challenges we face, including those related to climate change.

Returning to the study, the findings emphasize the importance of prioritizing planets with high oxygen levels in the search for extraterrestrial technosignatures with the intention of expanding space search parameters.

After reading this article and doing outside research I believe this study to be highly important because it contributes to our understanding of the conditions necessary for advanced technology beyond Earth. As someone who has always been fascinated by outer space and extraterritorial beings, it is valuable for me to be educated on advancements in technology and science. So … aliens, real or not? Let me know what you think in the comments!

Clot Chronicles: Decoding the Intricacies of Proteins and Vaccines in COVID-19 Immunity

By golgiana

On December 7, 2023

In Student Post

Are you vaccinated for COVID-19? Well, the article titled, Protein interaction causing rare but deadly vaccine-related clotting found, discusses a mechanism that has led people to deadly clots. These scientists identified that some individuals developed these clots after receiving certain COVID-19 vaccines. The research explains Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis (VITT) which is a condition where the body produces blood clots. When a patient has this condition antibodies attach to a protein called Platelet Factor 4 (PF4), forming immune complexes.

(PF4)

Additionally, Platelet Factor 4 is a small cytokine in the CXC Chemokine family. Cytokines are small proteins that are released by macrophages to attack a virus. Platelet Factor 4’s most prominent function is to promote blood coagulation; but, it is also involved in innate and adaptive immunity.

The Immune System, as discussed in depth in my AP Biology class, protects the body against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. COVID-19 is an example of one of these viruses that infects the body through its various openings, most generally, the nose and mouth. Innate and Adaptive response are the two parts of the immune system. The innate response is something everyone is born with, works immediately upon infection, and is nonspecific which contrasts the adaptive immune response which is slower and more targeted.

Returning to the vaccines, these complexes activate platelets and immune cells and lead to clotting and inflammation. Inflammatory responses are a result of the mast cells locating the “invader” and releasing histamine as an “alarm” to the body. Histamine causes inflammation in the body and an inflammatory response which is typically painful. When I had COVID I remember taking anti-inflammatory medications to reduce the pain I felt from the inflammatory response I was experiencing such as my high fever.

In summary, the ongoing research wants to find people who might be more likely to get VITT with future vaccines, so we can understand and manage the risks better, making vaccines more effective.

After reading this article and doing outside research I believe this study to be highly important because researchers understand how to make vaccines safer for the future. As someone who has not been vaccinated it is valuable for me to know the risks and rewards of the vaccine. So … COVID-19 vax worth it or not? Let me know what you think in the comments!

Cracking the Code of Shigella

By golgiana

On October 31, 2023

In Student Post

In the article titled, Scientists discover the possible triggers for bacterial pathogens, opening the door for new treatment strategies, the reporter discusses how Alexander Fleming’s unintentional discovery represented a crucial turning point in medical history and sparked the creation of several additional antibiotics, saving countless lives in the process. This famous Scottish pharmacist discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928 and since then many others have followed in his footsteps. Additionally, his discoveries led to the idea that “extraordinary appearances” should not be ignored. His famous sentiments hold true to multiple scientific discoveries, including a group of scientists at UNLV who are studying shigella.

Shigella is a harmful bacteria that can cause many issues in the human body such as stomach cramps, fever, diarrhea (which is frequently bloody), and can also be fatal. Shigella infection is an intestinal ailment caused by a family of bacteria called shigellosis. Shigella spreads quickly. When individuals come into touch with and ingest quantities of germs from an infected person’s feces, they get infected with shigella.

Initially I was not engaged with this topic because I had no idea how it could be relevant to my life. However, my recent work as an EMS volunteer has proved me wrong. Although I have not seen a patient who had shigella, I have observed many other patients who experienced similar bacterial diseases and am eager to find the best way to treat them.

Moreover, these scientists are focused on the proteins in shigella that are called VirB. VirB proteins act as a switch in the bacteria and bind to Shigella by interacting with Shigella’s DNA. This interaction between VirB and Shigella’s DNA is a key step in the process that activates the bacterium’s virulence genes. Essentially, the DNA is what causes disease in people. Researchers found that by interfering with the way VirB bonds to the shigella, they can minimize the effects it has on humans.

Furthermore, this research is largely important to the understanding of how proteins such as VirB are able to turn harmless bacteria into deathly ones. Moreover, this insight is also helpful in the development of treatments for other diseases such as Campylobacteriosis, E coli, and Cholera which are caused by similar proteins in different bacterias.

After studying Organic Compounds in my AP Biology class, I was able to make connections to the material we have learned such as the different protein structures which heightened my interest in this topic even more. The reason that similar proteins are able to cause so many different diseases is because of the altercation in protein shape as well as body response. All proteins have specific shapes and structures that determine how the protein will interact with the human body. Additionally, there are four main protein structures including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary which all play a role in how proteins behave. Moreover, all proteins have side chains which provide characteristics and make them different from one another. The side chains in proteins give amino acids characteristics and by changing one small detail you will change the structure (shape) of the protein and thus how it interacts with the human body.

To continue, E coli is a type of bacteria frequently discovered in both the human and animal intestines. Since it aids in digestion and the creation of several vitamins, it is often safe and even advantageous. However, some E. coli strains have the potential to be dangerous and contagious.

However, the most important factor in this research is a molecule known as CPT, which is short for Camptothecin. Camptothecin was first identified as a topoisomerase inhibitor in 1966. Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes involved in DNA replication (and more). To understand its role, you can think of Camptothecin as a key part in a puzzle involving Shigella. VirB acts as a switch to turn on the bacterium’s ability to cause disease in the human body. For this switch to work correctly, it needs Camptothecin. Camptothecin is the key that enables VirB to bind to Shigella’s DNA, which then activates the disease-causing process.

In all, the researchers are interested in interfering with this binding process. By doing so, they aim to prevent Shigella and many more diseases from making people sick.

Cracking the Code of Shigella

By golgiana

On October 23, 2023

In Student Post

In the article titled, Scientists discover the possible triggers for bacterial pathogens, opening the door for new treatment strategies, the reporter discusses how Alexander Fleming’s unintentional discovery represented a crucial turning point in medical history and sparked the creation of several additional antibiotics, saving countless lives in the process. This famous Scottish pharmacist discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928 and since then many others have followed in his footsteps. Additionally, his discoveries led to the idea that “extraordinary appearances” should not be ignored. His famous sentiments hold true to multiple scientific discoveries; this is including a group of scientists at UNLV who are studying shigella.

In the picture above you can see Shigella in a stool sample.

Shigella is a harmful bacteria that can cause many issues in the human body such as stomach cramps, fever, diarrhea (which is frequently bloody), and can also be fatal. Shigella infection is an intestinal ailment caused by a family of bacteria called shigellosis. Shigella spreads quickly. When individuals come into touch with and ingest quantities of germs from an infected person’s feces, they get infected with shigella.

Initially I was not engaged with this topic because I had no idea how it could be relevant to my life. However, my recent work as an EMS volunteer has proved me wrong. Although I have not seen a patient who had shigella, I have observed many other patients who experienced similar bacterial diseases and am eager to find the best way to treat them.

Moreover, these scientists are focused on the proteins in shigella that are called VirB. VirB proteins act as a switch in the bacteria and bind to Shigella by interacting with Shigella’s DNA. This interaction between VirB and Shigella’s DNA is a key step in the process that activates the bacterium’s virulence genes. Essentially, the DNA is what causes disease in people. Researchers found that by interfering with the way VirB bonds to the shigella, they can minimize the effects it has on humans.

Furthermore, this research is largely important to the understanding of how proteins such as VirB are able to turn harmless bacteria into deathly ones. Moreover, this insight is also helpful in the development of treatments for other diseases such as Campylobacteriosis, E coli, and Cholera which are caused by similar proteins in different bacterias.

After studying Organic Compounds in my AP Biology class, I was able to make connections to the material we have learned such as the different protein structures which heightened my interest in this topic even more. The reason that similar proteins are able to cause so many different diseases is because of the altercation in protein shape as well as body response. All proteins have specific shapes and structures that determine how the protein will interact with the human body. Additionally, there are four main protein structures including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary which all play a role in how proteins behave. Moreover, all proteins have side chains which provide characteristics and make them different from one another. The side chains in proteins give amino acids characteristics and by changing one small detail you will change the structure (shape) of the protein and thus how it interacts with the human body.

To continue, E coli is a type of bacteria frequently discovered in both the human and animal intestines. Since it aids in digestion and the creation of several vitamins, it is often safe and even advantageous. However, some E. coli strains have the potential to be dangerous and contagious.

The photo above shows a cross section illustration of an E.coli cell.

However, the most important factor in this research is a molecule known as CPT, which is short for Camptothecin. Camptothecin was first identified as a topoisomerase inhibitor in 1966. Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes involved in DNA replication (and more). To understand its role, you can think of Camptothecin as a key part in a puzzle involving Shigella. VirB acts as a switch to turn on the bacterium’s ability to cause disease in the human body. For this switch to work correctly, it needs Camptothecin. Camptothecin is the key that enables VirB to bind to Shigella’s DNA, which then activates the disease-causing process.

The researchers are interested in interfering with this binding process. By doing so, they aim to prevent Shigella from making people sick. This line of research isn’t just about Shigella. The hope is that the knowledge gained from studying this process could be applied to finding a solution for a whole group of diseases caused by different bacteria similar to Shigella.

So… what are YOUR thoughts on the research of Camptothecin’s role in Shigella’s causing a process that could lead to the investigation of new treatment? Are you optimistic about the potential impact on the future public health?

BioQuakes

AP Biology class blog for discussing current research in Biology

Author: golgiana

Flexible Robots!

Unraveling Genetic Secrets: CRISPR’s Dance with p53 and Cancer

The Cyathea Rojasiana: The Little “Fern” that Could (…Survive on its Own)

Oxygen, Aliens, and Technosignatures: The Extraterrestrial Quest for Advanced Technology

Clot Chronicles: Decoding the Intricacies of Proteins and Vaccines in COVID-19 Immunity

Cracking the Code of Shigella

Cracking the Code of Shigella

Archives