EVALI – BioQuakes

This article highlights the discovery of a chemical that could potentially be responsible for wide-spread vaping-related lung injuries and deaths in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention researches acquired bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (fluid from the lining of the lungs) from health care workers who were taking care of patients with vaping associated lung injuries, or EVALI. The result of this was samples from 29 patients from 10 states.

The researches announced on November 8th in a news briefing and a report that they found vitamin E acetate in the lung fluid samples of all the patients suffering from vaping illnesses. Vitamin E acetate has been previously found by health officials in various vaping products used by patients. Interestingly enough, vitamin E acetate is largely used as a dietary supplement along with being an ingredient in various skin care products. Even though it is safe when used as such, research shows how this chemical can be harmful when inhaled.

New York state health officials announced in September that they had discovered high levels of vitamin E acetate in samples taken from the vaping products shown above.

Vitamin E acetate acts as a diluting and thickening ingredient in vaping products that contain tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is a psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. Most EVALI patients have reported using THC-containing vaping products along with products containing nicotine. The researchers also tested for other chemical additives that act as diluting ingredients (plants and mineral oils); however, none were detected. 2,051 people across all states besides Alaska have been reported with EVALI and 39 people have died.

While this finding is a great step forward in finding the cause of these vaping-related injuries and deaths, Anne Schuchat, a principal deputy director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, believes that “we still have more to learn” and “that more than one ingredient could be responsible.” Similarly, this new finding leaves me very hopeful in exposing the source of vaping-related injuries and deaths but I definitely believe that there is still much more research that needs to be done.

E-cigarette Related Pulmonary Disease

This article explores the new phenomenon of deaths that have arisen in relatively healthy people linked to vaping or e-cigarette use. Despite the title referring to the victims as “healthy”, there is an inherent contradiction as the people being studied in fact are using vaping as part of the daily lifestyle. As such, they are exposing themselves to harmful contaminates and toxins including both viscous oils and chemical contaminants present in the vaping liquids that are potentially toxic to the lungs. The vaping outbreak has led to almost 1,300 lung injuries and 26 deaths as of October 2019.

While the cause of the vaping related illnesses remains a mystery to investigators, numerous potential causes have been proposed. Two of the major culprits, according to Dr. Michael Siegel a professor at BU School of Public Health, are thought to be either the oils or chemicals found in vaping products. Regardless of which is the cause, both place an excessive burden on the lungs, resulting in difficulty pulping oxygen to the body tissues. As a result of the reduced oxygen, a variety of symptoms have emerged in the victims, and overall these symptoms have been coined EVALI: E-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury.

There are various risks associated with exposure to both the oils and the chemicals present in most vaping products. The oils, such as vitamin E Acetate are often added as thickening agents to black market vaping products which are inherently dangerous as they are not regulated by the FDA. Furthermore, the oils are thought to coat the lungs and as Dr. Siegel points out, our lungs are not designed to handle oil exposure, as the oil coats the air sacs that are needed for gas exchange and thus limit the body’s ability to acquire oxygen. The patients may experience respiratory failure, and as a result require mechanical ventilation in order to be able to breathe sufficiently. Conversely, it is also thought that chemical contaminants may be the primary problem. Dr. Siegel draws attention to the risks associated with them including “damage to the lungs, which triggers a severe inflammatory response“.

Building on the knowledge that vaping is causing a mysterious outbreak of illnesses and deaths, researchers have taken interest in studying the problem more in depth. Samples were taken from 17 patients throughout the US who suffered from EVALI, and researchers concluded that the lung samples did not indicate that the oils were in fact the primary cause of the disease and symptoms. Instead, the samples showed evidence of injury similar to chemical pneumonitis, which results from inhalation of chemical fumes, and the authors cited in the publication in the New England Journal of Medicine that these chemicals are most likely the cause. This information can be very promising for future research, as with this knowledge the actual cause of EVALI can be better pinpointed.

The damage found in vaping patients included very severe symptoms, with some patients even experiencing their lung cells falling off from extreme damage. The severity of this damage also led to acute respiratory distress syndrome, which allows materials such as dead cells and blood clotting proteins to enter the lung’s air sacs. The presence of these materials are quite dangerous as they prevent efficient oxygen exchange from occurring. Shockingly, this disease has an extremely high mortality rate and no known cure. This leaves people with the prospect that they may not recover, and as of right now all that can be done is temporary treatment or more importantly prevention in those portions of the population who are not vaping. Scientists and doctors do not yet know if EVALI and associated acute respiratory distress syndrome is reversible or permanent. Thus, education is key to warn people of these risks so that they can make educated choices when being exposed to the possibility of partaking in vaping.

BioQuakes

AP Biology class blog for discussing current research in Biology

Tag: EVALI

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